Waec Fisheries Practical 3 Answers for Monday 16th May 2022

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PAST WAEC 2021 EXAM ANSWERS (AS SAMPLES)

COMPUTER OBJ 1-10: BCACCBCBDC 11-20: BABAAACADD 21-30: DCDBCCAABD 31-40: AADBDBBBBA 41-50: ABABACACDC Completed. (1a) Report in data base syterm is the formatted result of database queries and contains useful data for decision-making and analysis. (1b) (i)Database reporting tools allow you to access any database and create reports based upon the stored data. (ii)Relational databases store data in tabular relations. A database reporting tool typically queries relational databases using SQL over a JDBC or ODBC connection. (iii)Database reporting on NoSQL big data sources relies on a customized SQL connector, ETL solution, or another native way at accessing data. (iv)With Logi Report, you have the flexibility to embed reports, dashboards, and visualizations created from any data source. (1c) (i) Click File > Print. (ii) To preview each page, click the forward and backward arrows at the bottom of the page. If the text is too small to read, use the zoom slider at the bottom of the page to enlarge it. (iii) Choose the number of copies, and any other options you want, and click the Print button. ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• (2a) First, convert AB1¹⁶ into decimal, by using above steps: = AB1¹⁶ = A × 162B × 1611 × 160 = 273710 Now, we have to convert 273710 to octal 2737 / 8 = 342 with remainder 1 342 / 8 = 42 with remainder 6 42 / 8 = 5 with remainder 2 5 / 8 = 0 with remainder 5 Then just write down the remainders in the reverse order to get the answer, The hexadecimal number AB1 converted to octal is therefore is equal to 5261 (2b) Decimal equivalent of “1” = 1 × 3^1 = 3 Decimal equivalent of “1” = 1 × 3^2 = 9 Decimal equivalent of “0” = 0 × 3^3 = 0 Decimal equivalent of “1” = 1 × 3^4 = 81 Decimal equivalent of “1” = 1 × 3^5 = 243 Decimal equivalent of “110111” = 243810931 110111 = 337 Now we will convert the fractional part 0.101 to decimal form (Don’t forget that we start from tenths palce to so on..): Decimal equivalent of “1” = 1 × 3^-1 = 0.33333333333333 Decimal equivalent of “0” = 0 × 3^-2 = 0 Decimal equivalent of “1” = 1 × 3^-3 = 0.037037037037037 Decimal equivalent of “0.101” = 0.3333333333333300.037037037037037 0.101 = 0.37037037037037 Here is the final answer, The ternary number 110111.101 converted to decimal is therefore equal to: = 110111.1013 = 33710 + 0.3703703703703710 = 337.3703703703703710 (2c) First, convert 5078 into decimal, by using above steps: = 5078 = 5 × 820 × 817 × 80 = 32710 Now, we have to convert 32710 to binary 327 / 2 = 163 with remainder 1 163 / 2 = 81 with remainder 1 81 / 2 = 40 with remainder 1 40 / 2 = 20 with remainder 0 20 / 2 = 10 with remainder 0 10 / 2 = 5 with remainder 0 5 / 2 = 2 with remainder 1 2 / 2 = 1 with remainder 0 1 / 2 = 0 with remainder 1 101000111² •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• (3ai) Universal Serial Bus (USB) is a common interface that enables communication between devices and a host controller such as a personal computer (PC) or smartphone. (3aii) (i)It is very easy to install USB device and requires only OS (Operating System). (ii)USB supports different data rates from 1.5 Mbps to 5 Gbps with different distances. (3b) Loading… •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ((4ai) Computer graphics deals with creation, manipulation and storage of different type of images and objects. (4aii) – Choose any 2 i. Computer Art ii. Computer aided drawing. iii. Presentation Graphics. (4bii) Interactive Fill tool: Interactive Fill tool to color the fish modified in other videos. To apply an interactive fill, click the Interactive Fill tool, click an object, and then drag. To change the fill colors, drag colors from the color palette to the square handles or to the fill path. (4biii) Texture Fill tool: A texture fill is a randomly generated fill that you can use to give your objects a natural appearance. You can use existing texture fills, such as water, minerals, and clouds, or you can edit a texture to create your own texture fill. You can use colors from any color model or palette. (4iii) Evenlope Tool: Envelope Tool is used to create and manipulate “control points” at various points in the track. The control points then determine its volume changes over time. (4iv) Extrude Tool: The Extrude tool is used in conjunction with an existing 2D shape or shapes in the scene. It allows you to create an extruded 3D shape from the selected 2D shape by defining various parameters. •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

WAEC English Language Questions and Answers 2021/2022

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(1a) A is an enlarged pair of scissors which possesses two long metal blades and two handles which may be wooden, metal, rubber or plastic. The blades are sharpened at one edge and are connected to the pivot by bolt and nut.

(1b) SPECIMEN A; (i) It is use for pruning process (ii) It is used for cutting flowers

SPECIMEN B; (i) It is use for weeding (ii) It is used for trimming hedges or shrubs

(1c) SPECIMEN A; (i) Store in a cool dry place (ii) Clean or wash after use (iii) Keep away from rain to prevent rust

SPECIMEN C; (i) Store in a cool dry place (ii) Always wash and clean after use (iii) Sharpened the blade properly

(1d) (i) Hoes (ii) Hand Trowel

WAEC English Question and Answers 2021 Essay Obj Oral

(2a) TABULATE

SPECIMEN E; (i) It is liquid (ii) Rich in Nitrogen (iii)It decreases cadbium concentration in the soil (iv) It gives lower shoot dry matter (v) It can be applied through irrigation system (vi) It is an inorganic substance

SPECIMEN G; (i) It is solid (ii) Not rich in Nitrogen (iii) It does not decreases cadbium concentration in the soil (iv) It gives higher shoot dry matter (v) It can not be applied through irrigation system (vi) It is an organic substance

(2bi) Nitrogen

(2bii) (i) NPK Fertilizer 15:15:15 (ii) Nitrate (iii) Ammonia

(2c) (i) It can damage plants (ii) It impedes seed germination (iii) It is not stable (iv) It affect seedling growth (v) It affect early plant growth in the soil

(3a) (i)Specimen H: Centrosema pubescens

(ii)Specimen I: Pennisetum purpureum Schumach.

(iii)Specimen J: Pueraria phaseoloides

(3b) (i)Specimen H: is propagated by seed

(ii)Specimen I: is propagated vegetatively through stem cuttings

(iii)Specimen J: is propagated by seeds

(3c) (i)It is a vigorous twining, trailing and climbing perennial legume. (ii)It has a deep root-system with tap roots and lateral roots. (iii)It Leaves are dark green and trifoliate (iv)Leaflets are ovate, 4 cm long x 3.5 cm broad. (v)It Flowers are borne in axillary racemes, are bright or pale lilac with violet stripes.

(3d) (i)It is used for traditional animal feed, (ii)It is used for pest management (iii)It is used for improving soil fertility (iv)It is used for protecting arid land from soil.

(4a) (i)Marketing board (ii)Producer (iii)Wholesaler (iv)Retailer

(4b) The process is known as Pasteurization. It involves heating raw milk to a high temperature and then immediately cooling. It should r noted that the heating is just for 15seconds and the temperature is 72°C

(4c) (i)calcium and protein (ii)potassium and phosphorus (iii)vitamins B2 and B12.

(4d) (i) It reduces the production of M in livestocks (ii) It affect the quantity of M produced (iii) It makes the animal to become weak (iv) It also affect the quality of M produced (v) It affect the nutrient level of M produced

WAEC English Questions and Answers 2021/2022

DATA-Obj! 1DCDABCAAAD 11DBABCACDDD 21BBACABCCAC 31ABBAABBADD SECTION B. (6ai) (i)Fingerprint. … (ii)Facial Recognition. … (6aii) (i)Modems. (ii)Multiplexers. (6aiii) (i)RCA (Stereo audio output) (6aiv) (i)Finger print (ii)Signature (6bi) Difference is that to access that on internet an Internet Service Provider (ISP) and a router to connect to the ISP while it is not needed for that of storage (6bii) Biometric recognition creates a specific link between an individual and a data record. (6c) (i)Data collection (ii)Data input (6di) (I)TO; Email Address (II)CC; To send to multiple emails (III)BCC; when you want the message to be shared that you want to keep it secret who get the message (IV)To the reader (V)the content of the message (6dii) Cc stands for carbon copy which means that whose address appears after the Cc: header would receive a copy of the message. Also, the Cc header would also appear inside the header of the received message. While Bcc stands for blind carbon copy which is similar to that of Cc except that the Email address of the recipients specified in this field do not appear in the received message header and the recipients in the To or Cc fields will not know that a copy sent to these address. ==================================== (5a) (i)insert the flash drive into a usb port on your computer. (ii) with your microsoft word document open, click the “file” tab and select “save as.” (iii)click the “save in” drop-down menu at the top of the save as dialog box. (iv)navigate to and click the flash drive. the flash drive is typically drive letter “e” or “f.” (v)type the name of your document into the file name field and click “save” to save the file to the flash drive. (5b) (i)navigate to the location where you want to create the folder that is the desktop of the computer. (ii) hold down the ctrl, shift, and n keys at the same time. (iii) enter your desired folder name that is “assignment” (iv) navigate to the location where you want to create the folder. (v)then save to finish (5c) (i)open the folder that contains the word documents you want to print. (ii) press [ctrl], and select the files you want to print. (if the files are adjacent, select the first file in the list, press [shift], and select the last file in the list.) (iii) right-click the selection, and select print from the shortcut menu. (iv) select the desired print options, and click ok. (the selected options will apply to all of the documents.) ==================================== (2a) TABULATE =DVD ROM= – External – Removable – Indirect access =HARD DISK= – Internal – Not removable – Random/Direct access =MAGNETIC TAPE= – External – Removable – Indirect access (2b) (i)Google Sheets (ii)Lotus Symphony (iii)Microsoft Excel ==================================== (3ai) (i) On the Basis of Size and Capacity, [Supercomputer, Mainframe, Mini, and Micro Computer]. (ii) On the Basis of Purposes, [General and Special Purpose]. (iii) On the Basis of Hardware Design and Type [Analog, Digital, and Hybrid Computer]. (3bii) -ANALOG COMPUTER- (i) Analog computers works with continuous values or these types of systems process continuous data. (ii) Analog computer has very low or limited memory and it can store less amount of data. -DIGITAL COMPUTER- (i) Digital computers works with discrete values or these types of systems process discrete data. (ii) Digital computer has very big memory it can store large amount of data. (3b) (i) Access to informations. (ii) New tools, new opportunities (iii)Communication. (3c) (i) Guided Media (ii) Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) ==================================== (1a) (i)Disk formatting is the configuring process of a data storage media such as a hard disk drive, floppy disk or flash drive for initial usage. (ii) Data backup is a copy of computer data taken and stored elsewhere so that it may be used to restore the original after a data loss event. (iii) Virus scans: this is the process where antivirus search through your system to locate and remove any malicious threats on your device. (1b) (i) it is used for intra bank transfer (ii) it is used for inter bank transfers (iii) it is used to check account balance (iv) it is used for printing of mini statement of account CATERING CRAFT OBJ Solving…… °°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°° CATERING CRAFT ESSAY (1a) Mobile catering is a form of food service in which food is prepared in or served from a vehicle or cart. (1b) -Tabulate- (ii)Industrial catering takes place within a building or premises WHILE outdoor catering takes place at a remote place far from the restaurants or convention centers. (ii)Industrial catering is limited to the size of the hall or venue WHILE Outdoor catering can accommodate a large number of guests. (1c) (i)Hors-d’euvres (ii)Soups (potages) (iii)Egg dishes (oeufs) (iv)Pasta and rice (farinuex) °°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°° (3a) (i)Roux is made by cooking equal parts flour and fat together until the raw flavor of the flour cooks out and the roux has achieved the desired color. (ii)A crouton is a piece of rebaked bread, often cubed and seasoned. Croutons are used to add texture and flavor to salads—notably the Caesar salad—as an accompaniment to soups and stews, or eaten as a snack food. (iii}A consommé is a soup or broth that has been clarified egg whites creating a crystal clear liquid. Consommés can be meat-based or vegetarian and are packed full of flavour. (iv)Marinade is a savory usually acidic sauce in which meat, fish, or a vegetable is soaked to enrich its flavor or to tenderize it. (3b) (i) Freshness: Thirty-four percent of survey respondents stated freshness was the most important factor considered when making purchases, while another 27 percent ranked it second in importance (ii) Price – Economics play a large part in a consumer’s purchasing decisions. About 27 percent of respondents said price was the most important consideration, while another 20 percent said it was the second most important thing to take into account. (iii) How chickens are raised : Animal health and welfare was rated the most important factor to consider when buying chicken products by 13 percent of respondents. However, another 39 percent of those surveyed considered it the least important of the seven factors listed in the survey. (iv) Taste : Taste was rated the most important thing to consider when buying chicken products by 13 percent of respondents, while another 20 percent of respondents considered it the second most important aspect to look for. (v) Brand : A fair number of consumers look for specific brands of chicken when making purchases. Six percent of those surveyed said that is the most important consideration. (vi) Quantity : How much chicken is in a package does play a role in consumer purchasing decisions. Four percent said quantity is the most important, while another 14 percent of people surveyed said it was the second-most important consideration. °°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°° (4ai) Wisk- It is used for blending, whipping, incorporating air, and eliminating lumps in food. (4aii) Colander- it is used to prevent grease splatters (4aiii) Tong- it is a tool used to grip and lift objects instead of holding them directly with hands. (4b) (i) Leafy green – lettuce, spinach (ii) Cruciferous – cabbage, cauliflower, (iii) Marrow – pumpkin, cucumber (4c) (i)Inspect your equipment regularly: Finding and fixing small problems early can prevent being sprung up with major repairs and replacement in the future. (ii)Regular cleaning: Cleaning the kitchen appliances thoroughly after every use helps to take care of the appliances and save efforts. °°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°° (5b) pick 3 points (i) The meat juices are retained as part of the stew. (ii) Correct slow cooking results in very little evaporation. (iii) It is economic on fuel. (iv) Nutrients are conserved. (v) Tough foods are tenderized. (vi) Economical in labor because foods can be bulk cooked. (5c) 1. Keep it straight and simple. Plan out four or five meals for the week, leaving a night for leftovers or frozen meals or even take-out (you can serve it up to look its best). … 2. Double up, triple up. Take a favourite recipe and make more of it. … 3. Be fine with being flexible.

(1a) (Choose Any Five) (i) Rent Rates & Taxes. (ii) Workforce Availability, Labor Skills & Costs. (iii) Roads, Highways & Traffic Flow. (iv) Proximity to Airport, Railway Stations & Ports. (v) Markets & Local – Environment Factors. (vi) Building Availability & Utility Costs. (1b) (i) Receiving: operations that involve the assignment of trucks to docks, the scheduling and execution of unloading activities. (ii) Storing: material’s movement from unloading area to its designated place in inventory. (iii) Order Picking: the process of obtaining the right amount of the right products for a set of customer orders. (iv) Shipping: execution of packing and truck’s loading after picking, involving also the assignment of trucks to docks (v) Delivery: the transit time for transportation from the warehouse to the ============================================ (2a) (i) By chatting with unknown people (ii) By sending and receiving pornography (iii) By using bad language for e-marketing (iv) By holding personal information (v) By changing the internet address (vi) By changing the voice of mode while chatting (2b) (i) It reduces the cost of advertisement to Ajax Ltd (ii) It helps the company to track the rate of return on their investment (iii) Bulk communication: It helps to reach many customers at the same time (iv) It brings about effective personalization of messages for Ajax Ltd (v) It helps the company to know the number of their customers effectively ================================================== (5a) (Pick any five) (i)Marketing planning provides direction for all organization marketing effort (ii)Marketing planning help organization to raise finance for capital expenditure. (iii)Marketing planning prevents time wasting on ineffectual marketing activities. (iv)It save money by helping to ensure that the marketing budget is spent effectively (v)It helps to identify. prerequisites to planned activities. (vi)It helps to generate more clients by communicating effectively. (5b) The organization formed by Mrs Janet with other dry fish sellers is World Trade Organization (WTO) (5bii) (i) Overseeing trade agreement (ii) Reducing trade barriers (iii) Reducing worldwide tariffs (iv) Mediating dispute ======================================================== (6a) (Pick any Four) (i)Derived Demand. (ii)High concentration of production (iii)Direct channel of distribution (iv)Few Buyers And Large Volume. (v)Professional buying (6b) (i)Industrial market: It involves set of all individuals and organizations that acquire goods and services that enter into the production of other products or services that are sold, rented, or supplied to others. (ii)Reseller market:A market consisting of wholesalers and retailers who buy products for resale purposes.Resellers buy finished goods and resell them to the next level in a given distribution channel. (iii)Government market: A government market is a market where the main buyers are federal, state, and local governmental organizations. They purchase goods or services from private businesses.

2021/2022 Waec English Language Expo Answer

DATA-Obj! 1DCDABCAAAD 11DBABCACDDD 21BBACABCCAC 31ABBAABBADD SECTION B. (6ai) (i)Fingerprint. … (ii)Facial Recognition. … (6aii) (i)Modems. (ii)Multiplexers. (6aiii) (i)RCA (Stereo audio output) (6aiv) (i)Finger print (ii)Signature (6bi) Difference is that to access that on internet an Internet Service Provider (ISP) and a router to connect to the ISP while it is not needed for that of storage (6bii) Biometric recognition creates a specific link between an individual and a data record. (6c) (i)Data collection (ii)Data input (6di) (I)TO; Email Address (II)CC; To send to multiple emails (III)BCC; when you want the message to be shared that you want to keep it secret who get the message (IV)To the reader (V)the content of the message (6dii) Cc stands for carbon copy which means that whose address appears after the Cc: header would receive a copy of the message. Also, the Cc header would also appear inside the header of the received message. While Bcc stands for blind carbon copy which is similar to that of Cc except that the Email address of the recipients specified in this field do not appear in the received message header and the recipients in the To or Cc fields will not know that a copy sent to these address. ==================================== (5a) (i)insert the flash drive into a usb port on your computer. (ii) with your microsoft word document open, click the “file” tab and select “save as.” (iii)click the “save in” drop-down menu at the top of the save as dialog box. (iv)navigate to and click the flash drive. the flash drive is typically drive letter “e” or “f.” (v)type the name of your document into the file name field and click “save” to save the file to the flash drive. (5b) (i)navigate to the location where you want to create the folder that is the desktop of the computer. (ii) hold down the ctrl, shift, and n keys at the same time. (iii) enter your desired folder name that is “assignment” (iv) navigate to the location where you want to create the folder. (v)then save to finish (5c) (i)open the folder that contains the word documents you want to print. (ii) press [ctrl], and select the files you want to print. (if the files are adjacent, select the first file in the list, press [shift], and select the last file in the list.) (iii) right-click the selection, and select print from the shortcut menu. (iv) select the desired print options, and click ok. (the selected options will apply to all of the documents.) ==================================== (2a) TABULATE =DVD ROM= – External – Removable – Indirect access =HARD DISK= – Internal – Not removable – Random/Direct access =MAGNETIC TAPE= – External – Removable – Indirect access (2b) (i)Google Sheets (ii)Lotus Symphony (iii)Microsoft Excel ==================================== (3ai) (i) On the Basis of Size and Capacity, [Supercomputer, Mainframe, Mini, and Micro Computer]. (ii) On the Basis of Purposes, [General and Special Purpose]. (iii) On the Basis of Hardware Design and Type [Analog, Digital, and Hybrid Computer]. (3bii) -ANALOG COMPUTER- (i) Analog computers works with continuous values or these types of systems process continuous data. (ii) Analog computer has very low or limited memory and it can store less amount of data. -DIGITAL COMPUTER- (i) Digital computers works with discrete values or these types of systems process discrete data. (ii) Digital computer has very big memory it can store large amount of data. (3b) (i) Access to informations. (ii) New tools, new opportunities (iii)Communication. (3c) (i) Guided Media (ii) Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) ==================================== (1a) (i)Disk formatting is the configuring process of a data storage media such as a hard disk drive, floppy disk or flash drive for initial usage. (ii) Data backup is a copy of computer data taken and stored elsewhere so that it may be used to restore the original after a data loss event. (iii) Virus scans: this is the process where antivirus search through your system to locate and remove any malicious threats on your device. (1b) (i) it is used for intra bank transfer (ii) it is used for inter bank transfers (iii) it is used to check account balance (iv) it is used for printing of mini statement of account

CIVIC OBJ 1BCDDCDCBCA 11AACCCACDAA 21CDBDACCCAA 31ABBCABBCBD 41DBDABDCCDD Completed (4a) A secret cult group is referred to as a dangerous and deadly group that share common ideologies, believe in secret, esoteric, mystic and engage in violent practices. (4b) (i)Public campaign against cultism: Different organizations, including the government, schools, religious institutions, and parents, should promote awareness against cultism. Seminars and workshops should be organized to discuss the dangers of cultism all over schools without leaving out the primary schools. (ii)Government Standard: The government should also make laws to punish cultists for pushing away students and young people from joining these groups. The political leaders supporting them should also be put to judgment because they are damaging other children’s lives to make theirs better; (iii)Discipline and Studying hard in school to achieve success: Students should be kept busy and engage in school via curricular and extra curricular activities. Because it is a known fact that an “idle mind is the devil’s workshop”. When students are engage with hard work, they will not have time to join cult. (iv)Moral Education should be made compulsory in the primary and secondary schools in the country. Parents should take time to understand their children, give enough time to listen to them at home and satisfy their emotional psychological and physical needs. •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• (2a) (i) Right to life, Liberty and security of the person (ii) Right to non-discrimination equality before the law and equal protection by the law (iii) Right to the freedom of movement and to choose a residence (iv) Right to freedom of force labour, slavery, slavery-like practices and servitude (v) Right to freedom and of thought, conscience and religion (vi) The right to peaceful assembly and freedom of association (vii) Right to freedom of opinion and expression (2b) (i) Giving financial support to human rights abuse victims (ii) Individuals are expected to become conscious their right as citizens and be ready to claim it. (iii) Joining human rights groups to promote respect for all human rights (iv) Willingness to report cases of human rights abuse to necessary authorities •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• (9a) (i)It advices in the formulation of the policies of government. (ii)It implements government policies. (iii)It advises the government. (iv)It creates employment opportunities. (v)It performs delegated /legislative functions. (9b) (i) Poor remuneration: A hungry man is an angry man. The civil service are poorly remunerated which causes them to take bribe. The salary they receive is not even enough for them to pay their children’s school fees. They are not well motivated (ii) Absence of skilled manpower: Lack of skilled manpower in the civil service causes inefficiency in the civil service. Therefore, any organization that lacks adequate skilled personnel in their organization, will find it difficult carrying out their operations effectively and efficiently. (iii) Poor human resources management: Human resources management recruits and train workers to work in the organization. But when the organization cannot manage their workers, the workers tend to leave the organization. Poor management of workers causes death of an organization (iv) Inadequate materials or insufficient materials: Lack of materials for work causes inefficiency in the operations of the civil service. Government failures to provide those necessary materials that can facilitate work in offices contribute to the cause of ineffectiveness in civil service. (v) Corruption: Corruption has eaten deep into the bones of our civil service, it hard to find a civil servant without the intent to defraud. When corruption continues to thrive in the civil service, it affects the general operations of the civil service. •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• (8a) Modern mode of popular participation is the mode of popular participation carried out through expressing of oneself through the mass media. (8b) (i) Legitimacy of elected governments: If citizens actively participate in electoral process, society will have an elected legitimate government. (ii) National development: There will be rapid socio-economic development if citizens participate in the electoral or political process. (iii) Political stability: This ensures law and order for economic and political development in the society. (iv) Responsible and responsive government: The society will elect or get a government that is receptive to the people’s concerns, needs and aspirations. (v) Political awareness: When citizens participate in the electoral/political process, they will become politically conscious, enjoy their rights and perform corresponding duties and obligations to the society. (vi) Credible elections: When citizens actively participate in the electoral or political process it will confer credibility on the process. •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• (7i) Political Parties: these are organized groups of people who share common ideas with the sole aim of contesting elections to gain/assume political power in a democratic state. (7ii) Free and independent Press: this refers to a situation or condition in which media organizations are allowed to perform their functions of informing, educating, entertaining people and scrutinizing government activities without undue censorship for the purpose of good governance in a democracy. (7iii) Civil Societies organization: these are private non-profit organizations formed to promote collectively shared values, interests and objectives that are capable of enhancing the general welfare and development of democratic states. •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• (6a) Youth Empowerment: A development programme aimed at creating opportunities that will encourage and develop the youths to be morally responsible, self-reliant and financially productive citizens. (6b) (i) Life Coping Skills: These are natural skills which every organism including man, acquires from birth to adapt fittingly in his or its environment. They are survival Instincts or skills. (ii) Manipulative Skills: These skills are seen in skills acquisition centres as it involves economic activities that inculcate skills such as technical education. (iii) Intellectual Skills: These skills are coordinates in character. It is the literary or theoretical frameworks that guide the practical aspects of the works, economic and scientific undertakings (iv) Communicative Skills: Communication is a very important aspect of our life. Man evolved communications skills as a social being to enable him pass or send information from one person to the other or from place to place. (v) Artistic Skills: These are close to communicative skills and are more complex. Includes they art of good writing, fine and applied arts, music and drama. These skills make effective use of all the other four kinds of skills where necessary. (vi)Decision-making skills; These can be the difference in making a choice that improves your organization. The aptitude to make decisions is a leadership trait, which portrays your ability to think objectively and relates concepts to the goals you’re trying to reach.

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