Neco Geography Answers 2022 July 22nd, 2022

Neco Geography Objective & Practical/Physical Answers 2022 for 22nd July 2022 with questions 100% verified official questions and answers for senior secondary schools.

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GEOGRAPHY OBJ
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COMPLETED!!!
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GEOGRAPHY ANSWERS

(NO 1)

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(NO 2)

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(NO 3)
(3a)
(i)
The texture of a rock is the size, shape, and arrangement of the grains (for sedimentary rocks) or crystals (for igneous and metamorphic rocks. Example includes: basalt, andesite and rhyolite.

(ii)
The structure of an igneous rock is normally taken to comprise the mutual relationships of mineral or mineral-glass aggregates that have contrasting textures, along with layering, fractures, and other larger-scale features that transect or bound such aggregates.

(iii) Colour: Color index is an indicator of the types of minerals present, and the specific type of rock. The color index of an igneous rock is a measure of the ratio of dark colored, or mafic, minerals to light colored, or felsic, minerals.

(3b)
PLUTONIC ROCKS
– Plutonic rocks are formed when magma cools and solidifies underground.
– It cools at a very slow rate and may take thousands or millions of years to solidify.

VOLCANIC ROCKS
– Volcanic rocks are formed from lava that flows on the surface of the Earth and other planets and then cools and solidifies.
– It doesn’t cool at a very slow rate and it doesn’t take thousands or millions of years to solidify.
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(NO 4)
(4a)
(TABULATE)
(UNDER WEATHER)
(i) Weather is the atmospheric over a condition of a place short period (days, weeks, hours, months).
(ii) Weather changes very often.
(iii) Weather cannot be generalized.

(UNDER CLIMATE)
(i) Climate is the average condition of a place over a long period of time (35 years).
(ii) Climate does not change very often.
(iii) Climate can be generalized.

CHOOSE ANY BEST (2) OF YOUR CHOICE
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(NO 5)

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(NO 7)
(7a)
Environmental resources refer to any useful item in the environment, or materials and substances that are useful to man. In other words, environmental resources are useful things (both living and non-living) occurring naturally within a particular geographical location which are of benefit to man, animals and plants.

(7b)
(Pick Any Four)

(i) Atmospheric resources
(ii)Water Resources
(iii) Vegetation Resources
(iv)Human Resources
(v)Mineral Resources
(vi)Land Resources

(7c)
(Pick Any Two)

(i) Industrial development and source of ornaments:Diamond,iron ,copper,silver and graphite are useful for industrial development e.g diamond, the hardest know metal is used in cutting other metals and graphite is used in making pencil. Some mineral like gold, silver,bronze are used as ornamental ware or jewellery. Gold is the most valuable metal used in making wrist watches,chains etc

(ii)Source of foreign exchange and provision of employment: Most mineral sold to other countries provide foreign exchange for development eg petroleum in Nigeria. People engaged in the morning of these minerals get jobs as miners, drillers , engineering.. It contribute to economic development of a nation

(iii)source of timber and firewood: Timber like Iroko ,obeche ,Mahogany etc are sources of planks and plywood used for building and furniture. Timber also provides foreign exchange for nation. Firewood is used to provide fuel for cooking food, warning the body during cold weather ,for drying fish etc. They are contribute in economic development of a nation

(iv) Development of game resource and Tourism: Forest and savanna are the home of wildlife which can serve as game reserve eg Yankari Games Reserve. Forest and Savanna are also centres of tourism which can also generate foreign exchange to nations.An increase in tourism flow can bring positive economic outcomes to the nations
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(NO 8)
(8b)
(i) In Telecommunication: Satellite remote sensing have been found to be more useful and relevant in telecommunication. The satellite remote sensing has made it possible for regional, national and international communication without being in direct contact with human beings.

(ii) In Transportation: The availability of high resolution commercial remote sensing has contributed to a revolution to the transport network. The satellite remote sensing is useful to transportation, it helps to improve the trafficability of the roads and also contributed greatly in the movement of aero planes, jets and even seen beyond the bonds of human eye sight.
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(NO 8)
(8a)
TABULATE

=GIS=
(i) It is cost effective and requires less manpower as it is tool-based.
(ii) It requires field study to interpret data into useful information

=REMOTE SENSING=
(i) It is a costly affair as the data is incurred from space and through sensors and satellites.
(ii) It reduces manual work and ground field study.

(8b)
(i) In Telecommunication: Satellite remote sensing have been found to be more useful and relevant in telecommunication. The satellite remote sensing has made it possible for regional, national and international communication without being in direct contact with human beings.

(ii) In Transportation: The availability of high resolution commercial remote sensing has contributed to a revolution to the transport network. The satellite remote sensing is useful to transportation, it helps to improve the trafficability of the roads and also contributed greatly in the movement of aero planes, jets and even seen beyond the bonds of human eye sight.

(8c)
(i) Inadequate Power
(ii) Inadequate Personnel
(iii) Inadequate Personnel
(iv) Inadequate capital
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PHYSICAL ANSWERS

(1ai)
Relief; the relief of the mapped area (kashimbila N.W) can be described as follows
(i)A dissected plateaus is found of the north central area of the map which extended to the Central area.
(ii)The eastern , western and southern areas of the mapped area are mainly lowlands with the lowest height of 500m above see level

(1aii)
Drainage pattern; this can be described in the the following ways
(i)the main river is the katsina ala given and other minor ones that empty their water into it e;g mku,agbadi,apipo,abagu,kangi, etc . The direction of flow of river katsina – Ala is from north-west to south – east on the map .
(ii)the drainage pattern of the mapped area is dendritic.

(1aiii)
Settlement; the settlement pattern of the mapped area is displeased on scalloped settlement. That is the building are far from each other with few social amenities.

(1b)
The development of given katsina – ala in these stages there are the youthful and matured and old age stages.
The youthful stage mark the source of river katsina – ala at bamenda highlands with a V-shape valley. The matured stage of the rivers is characterized by meanders and U-shape valley. The old stage leads to the mouth of given katsina – ala (I;e when it empties its water to river benue)

The reasons for the above cycles of development of given katsina – ala are;

(i)Vertical erosion at the youthful stage
(ii)Lateral erosion and transportation at the matured stage
(iii)Deposition of materials at the old age stage.

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(2a)
(i)changing of the seasons not same temperature in different parts of the Earth
(ii)change of the length of the Day and Night during the year
(iii)change of the position of the midday sun and night during the year and in the different parts of the Earth
(iv)Change of the lunar eclipse and marking of the year.

(2bi)
(i)Equinox refers to a day with an equal duration of day and night. We have two equinoxes in a year which are:
-Spring equinox on March 20
-Autumnal equinox on September 22

-Examples-
(i)It could be spring or autumnal.
(ii)It is equal lengths of day and night
(iii)the days and nights are equal

(2bii)
Solstice is refers to a day with either the longest day or the shortest. The two solstices in a year are:
-Winter solstice on December 22
-Summer solstice on June 21

-Examples-
(i)It could be summer or winter
(ii)It is unequal length of day and night
(iii)The days are longer in summer and shorter in winter.

(2c)
(i)Because the changes in hours of daylight and in temperature caused by
revolution and tilt lead to the yearly change of seasons at middle latitudes. If Earth’s axis were perpendicular to its plane of orbit, seasons would not
occur. In addition, every place on Earth’s surface would experience 12 hours
of daylight and 12 hours of darkness every day. On the other hand, if Earth’s
axis were tilted more than 23.5°, each hemisphere would experience hotter
summers and colder winters.

(ii)Because On the first day of summer, every point on Earth within 23.5° of the
North Pole experiences 24 hours of daylight. The boundary of this region,
at latitude 66.5° N, is the Arctic Circle. On June 21 in the Southern
Hemisphere, every point south of the Antarctic Circle (latitude 66.5° S )
experiences 24 hours of darkness.

(iii)Because The hemisphere tilted toward the sun receives more direct sunlight and
thus has warmer temperatures and longer days. The hemisphere tilted
away from the sun receives indirect sunlight. That hemisphere has cooler
temperatures and shorter days. In other words it changes the summer to be warm and bright and also changes it to be Winter.
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(7a)
Environmental conservation is the practice of us humans saving the environment from the loss of species, and the destruction of the ecosystem, primarily due to pollution and human activities.

(7b)
(i)Water
(ii)oil
(iii)coal
(iv)iron

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(7c)
(i)Recycling; This is a process by which the life of resource is extended by means of recycling it or reusing it as an input or output. This is applicable only to on-energy resources, since the use of a material as an energy resource results in its useless dissipation into the atmosphere. In other words Reprocessing of unwanted products (e.g. newspapers, scrap metals, glass and sewage etc.).

(ii)Waste Reduction; waste reduction, it will automatically ensure lesser exploitation of resources. Waste reduction can be achieved by appropriately redesigning industrial processes, so that there will be technological efficiency in utilizing the resource and avoidance of waste to the minimum. In other words Further, the waste of one industry can be used as the raw material of another industry.

(iii)Material Substitution: the use of a material resource can be restricted by finding an alternative resource. The problem in this is that many materials have extensive uses and also joint uses. In other words the copper sheet can be substituted by aluminium, which at the same time would reduce demand for soldering agents made from and lead. Aluminium is being extensively substituted for tin, particularly, in the production of metal cans and containers.

(iv)Rewilding; Allowing areas to restore themselves naturally without interference by humans (except possible species reintroduction)
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(8a)
(i)Location; The spatial location of features are defined by coordinates in a specific reference system. In other words they are represented by points, lines or polygons and geometry of the three dimensional representation in space.

(ii)Data Quality; it refers to the credibility and accuracy of the data or more generally how good the data is. In other words quantitative quality relates to measurable components such as spatial accuracy. And the qualitative quality consists of those non-measured components, which usually relates to the entire data set and not to specific objects.

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(iii)Generalization; relates to the level of scale and details associated with the object. Objects may be aggregated from larger to lower scale, while the opposite process is very limited. For example, if the countries layer can be aggregated into a states layer but opposite cannot be accomplished without external data.

(iv)Entity versus field based data; The world can be represented as a set of discrete entities such as forests, rivers, roads and buildings.This is refereed to as the Entity based approach. In other words the field-based approach represents the world as a continuous function with attributes that vary in space. Natural phenomena such as air pollution distribution and terrain may be the best represented using this approach.

(8b)
Tabulate.
-Advantage-
(i)It has the ability of improving the organizational integration. GIS would then integrate software, hardware and also data in order to capture, analyse, manage and so display all forms of information being geographically referenced.

(ii)GIS would also allow viewing, questioning, understanding, visualizing and interpreting the data into numbers of ways which will reveal relationships, trends and patterns in the form of globes, maps, charts and reports.

-Disadvantage-
(i)GIS technology might be considered as expensive software.

(ii)It as well requires enormous data inputs amount that are needed to be practical for some other tasks and so the more data that is to put in.

(1)
1bi)
Old scale = 1;50,000
New scale= 1;100,000

Old scale/New scale
50,000/100,000 =1/2

L= 34cm
B= 24cm

L=1/2*34/1=17cm

B=1/2*24cm/1=12cm

New map;
Scale; 1:100,000
L = 17cm
B = 12cm

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(1bii)
(i)Relief; the land is on a breakdown. It is suitable for human settlement and establishment of many others social cultural features like schools , market, roads etc.

(ii)Drainage; this refer to water bodies like river and lakes. They can either get water by government water protects or boreholes sunk by individual

(1biii)
(i)Agriculture
(ii)Fishing
(iii)Lumbering

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(2ai)
Great circle:
Great circle is any line that divides the earth into equal halves or hemisphere. The centre of the Great circle is also the centre of the earth. The shortest distance between any two points on the earth ‘s surface lies along the circumference of the great circle which passes these points . The Great circle route is often used by aircraft on a long distance journey eg Polar air route between London and Los Angeles over Greenland.

(2aii)
International date line:
International date line is where the date changes by exactly one day(24 hours) when it is crossed. There is a difference of one whole day (24hours) on both sides of longitude 180° . So, the 180° meridian represents theoretically ,a date line. The international date line is not straight for it avoids cutting across islands to prevent confusion in days and dates in the tiny islands.

(2aiii)
Time zone:
Time zone is the division of the world into twenty four (24)time zone, each of which differ from the next zone by 15° in longitude or 1hour in time. The local time of the central meridian for each zone is applied to that zone which is called a time zone. All places located on the same time zone have the same time.

.(2aiv)
Prime meridian:
prime meridian is the line of 0° longitude, the starting point for measuring distance both east and west around the Earth. The prime meridian is arbitrary, meaning it could be chosen to be anywhere. The prime meridian separates the eastern hemisphere from the western hemisphere.

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(2b)
(Pick any Four)
(i)Parallels are lines of latitudes WHILE Meridians are lines of longitude
(ii)Parallels are drawn from west to east WHILE Meridians are drawn from north to south
(iii)Parallels never meet WHILE Meridians meet at the poles.
(iv)Parallels have different lengths(circumstances) WHILE Meridians have equal length
(v)Parallels are used to calculate distance WHILE Meridian are used to calculate time
(vi)Parallels are marked 0°- 90° North and South of the equator WHILE Meridians are marked 0°- 180° East and West of the Greenwich

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(3ai)
Mechanically Formed Sedimentary Rocks: These are rocks which are formed as a result of the action of water wind and ice. The following rocks are the results of the action of water which include clays, gravel and aluminum. Those that result from the action of ice are moraine, boulder and gravel.

(3aii)
Organically Formed Sedimentary Rocks: These are rocks which are formed from the remains of plants and animals. Some of the notable rocks formed by the remains of animals are chalk and corals. Those that result from plants include peat and lignite.

(3aiii)
Chemically Formed Sedimentary Rocks: These are rocks which results from chemical composition. The major rocks formed include Borax, gypsium.

(3b)
(i) These rocks are resistance to erosion.
(ii) They occur in strata or layers.
(iii) They contain fossils of plants and animals.
(iv) They are non-crystalline in nature
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(4a)
Temperature and precipitation

(4b)
-MERITS-
(i) It can be adapted for use at different educational levels
(ii) It stresses the link between vegetation and soils
(iii) It makes use of temperature and preciptation figures

-DEMERITS-
(i) It’s more descriptive and generalized with ignoring local and causative factors.
(ii) It neglected air masses
(iii) It is empirical and, therefore, is based on facts and observations

(4c)
(i) A – Tropical Moist Climates (average temperature above 18⁰C in all months)

(ii) Aw – precipitation in driest month less than 60 mm and less than 100 – (r/25)

(iii) C – Moist Mid-Latitude Climates with Mild Winters

(iv) E – Polar Climates (extremely cold summers and winters)
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(7a)
The ozone layer is a natural layer of gas in the upper atmosphere that protects humans and other living things from harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun.

(7bi)
Help to reduce temperature: Consequently, decreased ozone in the stratosphere results in lower temperatures.

(7bii)
Protection from harmful ultra violet rays and radiation: The ozone layer protects us from harmful UV rays that can have serious effects on biodiversity, animals and people’s health, including skin cancer and eye cataract.

(7biii)
Absorption of pollutants: The stratospheric layer which occupy the lower part of the atmosphere removes the unwanted pollutants from the earth’s surface.

(7c)
(i) Unregulated Rocket Launches
(ii) Chlorofluorocarbons

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(8a)
Geographical data refers to data and information that has explicit or implicit association with a location relative to Earth.

(8bi)
Vector data file: These data are created by digitizing the base data. They store information in x, y coordinates. Vectors models are used to store data, which have discrete boundaries like country borders, land parcels and roads. Vector models are useful for storing data that has discrete boundaries, such as country borders, land parcels, and streets.

(8bii)
Raster Data file: Raster data stores information of features in cell-based manner. Satellite images, photogrammetry and scanned maps are all raster-based data. Raster models are used to store data, which varies continuously as in aerial photography, a satellite image or elevation values

(8biii)
Geographic database: Geographic databases can store more complex elements needed to describe the world and the roads or buildings built upon it. The basic data element is the point that is the combination of the longitude, latitude, and sometimes the altitude.

(8biv)
Multi temporal data; These are data generally used for change detection. It attaches a time component to information

(8ci)
(i)Topo maps
(ii)Aerial photographs
(iii)Satellite images

(8cii)
(i)It helps to analyze urban growth and the direction of expansion.
(ii)It plays a vital for conserving natural resources and protecting the environment
(iii)It plays an essential role in planning, organizing, and decision making in the banking industry.

(NUMBER 1)

(1a)
(i)Road Transportation
(ii)Rail Transportation
(iii)Water Transportation
(iv)Air Transportation

(1b)
(PICK ANY FIVE)

(i) To supply raw materials to other parts of the country e.g East African railway.
(ii) To link important cities and facilitate movement of people e.g. Abidjan Ouagadougou.
(iii) To link different regions, thus, promoting inter-regional trade e.g. North and South of Nigeria.
(iv) To open up new areas for major crop production e.g Jos- Maiduguri
(v)To tap resources such as agricultural,mineral and forest. For example , rail network such as Minna,Laura Namoda rail network
(vi) For the purpose of administration.
(vii) For postal services.

(1c)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i)Deliberate effort should be made towards the expansion of the Raul network ,inorder to generate growth in the economy. Effort should be geared towards improvement of the efficiency of the rail network

NECO Geography 2022 Questions and Answers Objective

(ii) Government should make capital available to railway authorities to enhance efficiency. Training and retraining of personnel should be undertaken from time to time

(iii) Development of international rail transport system should be embarked upon to spur international trade. There should be improved management techniques: new innovations in management should be encouraged.

(iv)Adoption of standard gauges is very important , so as to enhance operational efficiency.Also There should be Faster engines and coaches to facilitate east and quick movement.

(v)There should be embarkment to check steep gradients, uniform gauges should be adopted, double tracks should be constructed and There should also be improved communication system.

================================

(2a)
Urbanization refers to the population shift from rural to urban areas, the corresponding decrease in the proportion of people living in rural areas, and the ways in which societies adapt to this change. WHILE Population density is a measurement of population per unit area, or exceptionally unit volume; it is a quantity of type number density. It is frequently applied to living organisms, most of the time to humans. It is a key geographical term.

(2b)
(i) High population density: This problem of high population density is caused due to the heavy rate of migration from rural areas. The rapid population growth has led to an acute shortage of dwelling units which resulted to; overcrowding, traffic congestion, pollution, housing shortages, high rents, poor urban living conditions, low infrastructure services, poverty, unemployment, and poor sanitation which has become pervasive and indeed high crime rate.

(ii) Inadequate infrastructures: One major serious aspect of the urban problem is the poor state of the infrastructures. Some developing countries are still faced with bad road network, lack of power supply, inadequate water supply and some basic amenities.

(iii) Lack of affordable housing: This has led to confrontations with well organized squatters, who take over unoccupied buildings to live rent- free or prevent demolitions. Which has brought about, lack of housing vacancy rate, due to the rapid job growth and housing costs that has increased.

(iv) Flooding: Flooding is a very serious problem faced in urban areas, especially in developing countries, during the rainy seasons. The drainage is poorly constructed leading to difficulty in accessing the roads due to the flood leading to the flood disaster in some developing countries.

(2c)
(i) Building Sustainable and Environmentally-friendly Cities: Governments should pass laws that plan and provide environmentally sound cities and smart growth techniques, considering that people should not reside in unsafe and polluted areas.

(ii) Provision of Essential Services: Urban stakeholders must ensure all populations within the urban areas have access to adequate essential social services namely education, health, sanitation and clean water, technology, electricity, and food.

(iii) Creation of More Jobs: To lessen the negative effects of rapid urbanization while at the same time conserving natural ecosystems, private investments should be encouraged so as to utilize natural resources and create more job opportunities.

(iv) Population Control: Key stakeholders in urban areas must provide campaigns and counseling for effective medical health clinics and family planning to help reduce the high rates of population growth.

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3a)
1. Low level technology

2. Produce craft and cherished works of art

3. Bought as presents and souvenirs by tourists

4. Uses local raw materials

5. Small sized establishment and

6. Until recently, non-electrical powered.

(3b)
(i) The Local Craft industries are often affected by lack of raw materials which hinders the production.
(ii) Poor patronage from the indigenes as a result of poor finishing and low purchasing power.
(iii) Lack of modern equipment to reduce the physical human labour in order to increase production.
(iv) Problem of transportation to bring the finished products from where that are produced in the interior to the markets in the urban centers.

Chose Any Best (3)

GEOGRAPHY OBJECTIVES

01-10 ADCCAACDAA
11-20 ADDDBCCBDA
21-30 CBDCBDADDD
31-40 DACBBDDBCC
41-50 BBDCDCDABC

Neco Geography (Objective & Practical/Physical) Answer 2022, Neco Geography (Objective & Practical/Physical) 2022, Neco 2022 Geography (Objective & Practical/Physical) Comprehension/Written Expression, Alternative to Geography (Objective & Practical/Physical) Past Questions Pdf.

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NECO Geography (OBJ, Practical & Physical) Questions